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<title>Les antipsychotiques de seconde g&eacute;n&eacute;ration : une arme
&agrave; double tranchant</title>
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0_i1025"><![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><b style=3D'mso-bidi=
-font-weight:
normal'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p=
></span></b></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><b style=3D'mso-bidi=
-font-weight:
normal'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p=
></span></b></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center'><b
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-=
family:
Arial'>Les antipsychotiques de seconde g&eacute;n&eacute;ration&nbsp;: <o:p=
></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center'><b
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-=
family:
Arial'>une arme &agrave; double tranchant?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span style=3D'font-=
size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span style=3D'font-=
size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Les probl&egrave;mes cardiovasculaires sont la
premi&egrave;re cause de mortalit&eacute; chez les patients atteints de
schizophr&eacute;nie. Les incidences d&#8217;ob&eacute;sit&eacute; et de
diab&egrave;te de type 2 sont 1,5 &agrave; 2 fois plus &eacute;lev&eacute;es
que dans la population g&eacute;n&eacute;rale<sup>2</sup>. Cela peut
s&#8217;expliquer par divers ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes. D&#8217;abord, les
schizophr&egrave;nes sont intrins&egrave;quement plus &agrave; risque de
d&eacute;velopper une dysfonction m&eacute;tabolique, et cela pour deux rai=
sons
&eacute;troitement li&eacute;es. Certaines donn&eacute;es sugg&egrave;rent =
que
les patients atteints de schizophr&eacute;nie sont pr&eacute;dispos&eacute;s
&agrave; d&eacute;velopper une intol&eacute;rance au glucose, une
r&eacute;sistance &agrave; l&#8217;insuline ou une augmentation du gras vis=
c&eacute;ral.
De plus, les patients psychotiques pr&eacute;sentent souvent des facteurs d=
e risque
cardiovasculaires li&eacute;s &agrave; leur mode de vie, tels que le tabagi=
sme,
la prise r&eacute;guli&egrave;re d&#8217;alcool, la mauvaise alimentation o=
u la
diminution de l&#8217;activit&eacute; physique<sup>5</sup>. <o:p></o:p></sp=
an></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span style=3D'font-=
size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span style=3D'font-=
size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>&Agrave; tous ces probl&egrave;mes s&#8217;ajoute la pri=
se
d&#8217;antipsychotiques atypiques, maintenant reconnus pour causer des
anormalit&eacute;s au niveau du m&eacute;tabolisme des patients
schizophr&egrave;nes. Le gain de poids, qui serait d&ucirc; &agrave;
l&#8217;inhibition des r&eacute;cepteurs histaminiques H<sub>1</sub>, est
l&#8217;un des effets les mieux &eacute;tudi&eacute;s. Plus de 50% des pati=
ents
recevant des antipsychotiques de 2<sup>e</sup> g&eacute;n&eacute;ration
pr&eacute;sentent un gain de poids<sup>5</sup>. Cet effet apparait d&egrave=
;s
les premi&egrave;res semaines suivant le d&eacute;but du traitement et se
maintient &agrave; long terme. Les gains de poids varient d&#8217;un agent
&agrave; un autre, selon l&#8217;affinit&eacute; de ces derniers pour les
r&eacute;cepteurs H<sub>1</sub><sup>4</sup>. En un an, on observe en moyenn=
e un
gain de <st1:metricconverter ProductID=3D"1 kg" w:st=3D"on">1 kg</st1:metri=
cconverter>
avec la <span class=3DSpellE>ziprasidone</span>, de 2 &agrave; <st1:metricc=
onverter
ProductID=3D"3 kg" w:st=3D"on">3 kg</st1:metricconverter> avec la <span
class=3DSpellE>quetiapine</span> et la <span class=3DSpellE>risperidone</sp=
an>, et jusqu&#8217;&agrave;
6 &agrave; <st1:metricconverter ProductID=3D"10 kg" w:st=3D"on">10 kg</st1:=
metricconverter>
avec l&#8217;<span class=3DSpellE>olanzapine</span>. La <span class=3DSpell=
E>clozapine</span>,
r&eacute;serv&eacute;e aux patients r&eacute;fractaires &eacute;tant
donn&eacute; ses effets ind&eacute;sirables graves tels que l&#8217;agranul=
ocytose,
causerait encore plus de gain de poids que l&#8217;olanzapine<sup>4</sup>. =
<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><=
span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span style=3D'font-=
size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Bien que cela soit controvers&eacute;, certaines
donn&eacute;es laissent croire que l&#8217;augmentation de poids des patien=
ts
serait proportionnelle &agrave; la dose re&ccedil;ue, surtout en ce qui con=
cerne
l&#8217;<span class=3DSpellE>olanzapine</span> et la clozapine<sup>4</sup>.=
 Par
ailleurs, des &eacute;tudes ont d&eacute;montr&eacute; que de passer d&#821=
7;un
agent causant plus de probl&egrave;mes m&eacute;taboliques, tel que l&#8217=
;<span
class=3DSpellE>olanzapine</span>, &agrave; un agent en causant moins, tel q=
ue la <span
class=3DSpellE><span class=3DGramE>ziprasidone</span></span>, entraine une =
perte de
poids significative<sup>5</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span style=3D'font-=
size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span style=3D'font-=
size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>En plus de causer des gains de poids importants, la <span
class=3DSpellE>clozapine</span> et l&#8217;<span class=3DSpellE>olanzapine<=
/span> sont
associ&eacute;s au d&eacute;veloppement de r&eacute;sistance &agrave;
l&#8217;insuline, et donc ultimement de diab&egrave;te de type 2, ainsi
qu&#8217;&agrave; la pr&eacute;sence de dyslipid&eacute;mie, plus
particuli&egrave;rement d&#8217;hypertriglyc&eacute;rid&eacute;mie<sup>1-5<=
/sup>.
Ces perturbations m&eacute;taboliques seraient principalement dues au
d&eacute;veloppement d&#8217;un exc&egrave;s de gras au niveau des
visc&egrave;res abdominaux. Cependant, certains individus n&#8217;ayant pas=
 eu
de gain de poids ont tout de m&ecirc;me d&eacute;velopp&eacute; une
r&eacute;sistance &agrave; l&#8217;insuline ou une dyslipid&eacute;mie, ce =
qui
sugg&egrave;re que les antipsychotiques ont une action directe sur le
m&eacute;tabolisme du glucose et des lipides, en agissant entre autres au
niveau des cellules beta du pancr&eacute;as et au niveau du foie pour modul=
er
l&#8217;action de l&#8217;insuline<sup>3<span class=3DGramE>,5</span></sup>=
. Les
autres antipsychotiques peuvent &eacute;galement causer de tels
probl&egrave;mes, mais &agrave; un degr&eacute; et &agrave; une incidence
moindres. D&#8217;autres &eacute;tudes seront n&eacute;cessaires pour mieux
statuer quant &agrave; l&#8217;effet pr&eacute;cis de chaque antipsychotique
&agrave; cet &eacute;gard.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span style=3D'font-=
size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span style=3D'font-=
size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>&Agrave; cause de tous les &eacute;l&eacute;ments
cit&eacute;s ci-dessus, les patients schizophr&egrave;nes sont &agrave;
tr&egrave;s haut risque cardiovasculaire. En fait, 51,6% des femmes et 36,0%
des hommes schizophr&egrave;nes pr&eacute;senteraient un syndrome
m&eacute;tabolique<sup>4</sup>. Il est donc tr&egrave;s important d&#8217;i=
nstaurer
un suivi &eacute;troit et de contr&ocirc;ler efficacement les facteurs de
risque s&#8217;ils sont pr&eacute;sents. De fa&ccedil;on plus pr&eacute;cis=
e,
il est conseill&eacute; de v&eacute;rifier l&#8217;&eacute;tat de sant&eacu=
te;
du patient (ant&eacute;c&eacute;dent familial, poids et taille, tour de tai=
lle,
tension art&eacute;rielle, glucose &agrave; jeun et bilan lipidique) avant
d&#8217;initier un traitement avec un antipsychotique, et d&#8217;instaurer=
 un
traitement ad&eacute;quat si un probl&egrave;me est identifi&eacute;. Les
patients devraient &ecirc;tre rencontr&eacute;s fr&eacute;quemment dans la
premi&egrave;re ann&eacute;e suivant le d&eacute;but de traitement pour sur=
veiller
l&#8217;apparition de changements m&eacute;taboliques (<i style=3D'mso-bidi=
-font-style:
normal'>tableau de suivi disponible &agrave; l&#8217;adresse &eacute;lectro=
nique
de la r&eacute;f&eacute;rence 6</i>). Si un gain de poids de plus de 5% est
observ&eacute; &agrave; n&#8217;importe quel moment suivant le d&eacute;but=
 du
traitement, un changement d&#8217;agent serait &agrave; consid&eacute;rer<s=
up>2</sup>.
Si cela n&#8217;est pas possible ou que le nouvel agent entra&icirc;ne les
m&ecirc;mes probl&egrave;mes, un traitement m&eacute;dical doit &ecirc;tre
instaur&eacute;. L&#8217;agent pharmacologique de choix reste toutefois
&agrave; pr&eacute;ciser, quoique la <span class=3DSpellE>metformine</span>=
 et le
<span class=3DSpellE>topiramate</span> semblent prometteurs dans le traitem=
ent de
la r&eacute;sistance &agrave; l&#8217;insuline et du gain de poids<sup>6</s=
up>.
Les tensions art&eacute;rielles, de m&ecirc;me que les cibles
glyc&eacute;miques et lipidiques vis&eacute;es, sont les m&ecirc;me que pou=
r un
individu sans maladie psychiatrique. Bref, il est important de suivre ces
patients de pr&egrave;s et de r&eacute;agir rapidement pour minimiser leur
risque cardiovasculaire.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span style=3D'font-=
size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span style=3D'font-=
size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne align=3Dright style=3D'text-align:right'><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>L&#8217;&eacute;quipe du CIM<o=
:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne align=3Dright style=3D'text-align:right'><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span style=3D'font-=
size:12.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span class=3DSpellE=
><span
class=3DGramE><span lang=3DEN-CA style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Aria=
l;
mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>R&eacute;f&eacute;rences</span></span></span><span
class=3DGramE><span lang=3DEN-CA style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Aria=
l;
mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>&nbsp;:</span></span><span lang=3DEN-CA
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'><o:p><=
/o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'text-align:justify'><span lang=3DEN-CA
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'><o:p>&=
nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'margin-left:35.25pt;text-align:justify;
text-indent:-35.25pt'><span lang=3DEN-CA style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-fam=
ily:
Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>1) <span style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span
class=3DSpellE>Birkenaes</span> AB, <span class=3DSpellE>Birkeland</span> K=
I, <span
class=3DSpellE>Engh</span> JA et al., <span class=3DSpellE>Dyslipidemia</sp=
an> <span
class=3DSpellE>independant</span> of body mass in antipsychotic-treated pat=
ients
under real-life conditions, J <span class=3DSpellE>Clin</span> <span
class=3DSpellE>Psychopharmacol</span>, 2008;28&nbsp;:132-137<o:p></o:p></sp=
an></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'margin-left:35.25pt;text-align:justify;
text-indent:-35.25pt'><span lang=3DEN-CA style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-fam=
ily:
Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>2) <span style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Consensus
development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity, from the American
Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Associatio=
n of
Clinical Endocrinologists, and the North American Association for the study=
 of
obesity, Diabetes Care, 2004;27&nbsp;:596-601.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'margin-left:35.25pt;text-align:justify;
text-indent:-35.25pt'><span lang=3DEN-CA style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-fam=
ily:
Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>3) <span style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span
class=3DSpellE>Haupt</span> DW, Differential metabolic effects of antipsych=
otic
treatments, 2006<span class=3DGramE>;16</span>&nbsp;: S149-S155.<o:p></o:p>=
</span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'margin-left:35.25pt;text-align:justify;
text-indent:-35.25pt'><span lang=3DEN-CA style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-fam=
ily:
Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>4) <span style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Newcomer
JW, Antipsychotic <span class=3DGramE>medications&nbsp;:</span> Metabolic a=
nd
cardiovascular risk, J <span class=3DSpellE>Clin</span> Psych,
2007;68(S4)&nbsp;:8-13.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'margin-left:35.25pt;text-align:justify;
text-indent:-35.25pt'><span lang=3DEN-CA style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-fam=
ily:
Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>5) <span style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Newcomer
JW, Metabolic Considerations in the use of antipsychotic <span class=3DGram=
E>medications&nbsp;:</span>
a review of recent evidence, 2007;68(S1)&nbsp;:20-27.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DSansinterligne style=3D'margin-left:35.25pt;text-align:justify;
text-indent:-35.25pt'><span lang=3DEN-CA style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-fam=
ily:
Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-CA'>6)<span style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>&nbsp;&nbs=
p;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Patel
KH, <span class=3DSpellE>Hlavinka</span> PF, <span class=3DGramE>Schizophre=
nia&nbsp;:</span>
Optimal therapy with second-generation antipsychotic agents, Pharmacy today,
2007, 13(11)&nbsp;:71-84. (<a href=3D"http://www.pharmacytoday.org/">http:/=
/www.pharmacytoday.org</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:35.25pt'><i style=3D'mso-bidi-fon=
t-style:
normal'><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Arial'=
><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></i></p>

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